I wrote this term paper for my Critical Race Theory Class, which I took this summer, 2024, at Meadville Lombard Theological School while working on my Master of Divinity. My professor was Dr. Barbara Fears, a Black woman from Howard University School of Divinity, an accomplished religious educator, Chaplain, Scholar, and Professor. I proudly received an A for this paper, so I decided to publish it to help people understand something highly controversial: the invention of a binary race and sex.
The Image Above is the Creation of Four LGBTQIA+, BIPOC, and Intersex Inclusive Flags, as shared on Facebook for the first time in June 2020, during Pride Month 2020, on the Rainbow Human Rights Community Page.
Introduction:
Since the beginning of colonial times in the United States, BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) and Intersex people have faced marginalization, great harm, and even practices that can only be compared to as eugenics. Critical Race Theory (CRT) helps to explain why all these things happen to Black people. CRT does such a good job at explaining why these things are happening it has birthed sub-movements that have branched out, such as QueerCrit (LGBTQIA+ people), DisCrit (for the disabled), LatCrit (Latino Community), AsianCrit, and TribalCRT (Native Americans).
With all this said so far, I write this with the real lived perspectives as an intersex survivor who received Colorado’s first intersex birth certificate[1], who is disabled but is also proudly a publicly known activist, an educator, and an all-faith Master of Divinity Seminarian at Meadville Lombard Theological School. I also write with the experiences of growing up as a “Marquez,” with darker skin than my predominantly white community, due to having a Castilian Spanish father and German mother. Yet, I have passed as white as well. Here is a definition of what intersex is from the United Nations Intersex Fact Sheet:
“What does ‘intersex’ mean?
Intersex people are born with sex characteristics (including genitals, gonads, and chromosome patterns) that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies.
Intersex is an umbrella term used to describe a wide range of natural bodily variations. In some cases, intersex traits are visible at birth while in others, they are not apparent until puberty. Some chromosomal intersex variations may not be physically apparent at all.
According to experts, between 0.05% and 1.7% of the population is born with intersex traits – the upper estimate is similar to the number of red-haired people.
Being intersex relates to biological sex characteristics, and is distinct from a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity. An intersex person may be straight, gay, lesbian, bisexual or asexual, and may identify as female, male, both or neither.
Because their bodies are seen as different, intersex children and adults are often stigmatized and subjected to multiple human rights violations, including violations of their rights to health and physical integrity, to be free from torture and ill-treatment, and to equality and non-discrimination.”[2]
As a child born with intersex traits, I was taught that only male/boys and female/girls were allowed to exist, and that being white and straight was ‘normal’, and that everything else was different, and not in a good way. As a novice to intersectional theory, this paper will be a four-part compare and contrast essay about BIPOC and Intersex People and how both are being denied their full humanity and to this day human rights continue to be violated. To support my intersectional analysis, in the book, “On Critical Race Theory” by Victor Ray, he says:
“Recognizing that all of us live at the intersection of racial, gender, and class-based structural hierarchies, intersectionality begins with the understanding that liberation can’t be partial….Intersectionalist theorists are committed to freedom in the broadest sense….Yet intersectional theorists know that partial notions of inclusion deny our full humanity and threaten everyone’s rights.” [3]
While it is important not to minimize the plight of either groups, Black or Intersex People, major systems of oppression are interlocking, and the creation of these oppressions creates the conditions of our lives because false science and the binary invention of race and sex harm both, even leading to eugenic action. For both, their stories are silenced as lies, and this binary thinking does harm to both in many ways. Therefore, one identity should never take priority over another.
Part 1:
The invention of oppressive binary systems does harm to both in many ways.
In the United States, we now have a Black and White binary, as well as a Sex binary of only Pink and Blue. Many people do not realize that race is not biological. Race is a socially constructed.[4] Many do not realize that binary sex is not biological. Binary sex is also a social construct. In truth, nature has created endosex female or male bodily variations, and there are people also people born with intersex bodily variations. The term “endosex” is very important to use in normalizing intersex existence as not a disorder. Simply said, the word endosex is used to describe people born with either male or female bodily variations.
Even the Talmud of Judaism, in ancient times, recognized up to six categories of sex.[5] Now, in modern times, many recognize the truth that sex is not a simple binary. The UNHCR (United Nations Office of High Commissioner of Human Rights) states: Independent of gender identity definitions or outcomes, from a scientific, biological perspective, intersex variations comprise a distinct, yet diverse, sexual category.[6] There are many types of intersex variance…Their natural existence provides unwavering evidence that sex is a spectrum.[7] In contrast to believing intersex is a human bodily variation, this quote demonstrates how the medical complex pathologizes those of us born intersex:
“Intersex status, on the other hand, is pathological according to contemporary Western medicine. Physical sex variations are medically classified as “disorders of sexual development.” It is the job of doctors to cure disorders. They say that intersex people are born with tragic malformations, and we will live as social outcasts unless the medical profession heroically steps in to save us by converting our abnormal intersex bodies into endosex-appearing, normal bodies.”[8]
Both race and sex are categories, perceptions, and ideas created and developed by society and people in power and control. The term “race” suggests biology, due to how Black people were bred like livestock during the time of slavery. Society has been persuaded to confuse what is true science, our belonging to one human race, and the falsehoods that race is true “science” when it is not. US Settler Colonialism harnessed race and gender to construct a hierarchy of humankind. [9] Even Jimmy the Greek a Sports commentator in 1988 was fired by CBS for saying Blacks were bred for sports. Thus, reinforcing the belief that Black men were made for one thing, physical labor. Sadly, both Race and Binary Sex are two systems invented when scientific evidence shows otherwise, and their pseudo-science is then used to prove why BIPOC people should have fewer human rights and to justify our ill-treatment, our being exploited in some way or even killed.
Black people are taught as children that they are not as smart. Intersex people are told they were born physically wrong or born an abomination. Worse, when we get older some believe we must be perverts or pedophiles. When faced with this hate and prejudice, the “ism” is a systemic problem. No matter how hard we try to personally improve, it will never be enough. I believe BIPOC people and intersex people are in error, thinking it is a personal problem, and by internalizing this lie, our lives can be destroyed. It was never our personal problem. It is a systemic cultural problem caused by people in power and control.
Racism has become a social norm, and it is constructed to be so subtle not even some well-intentioned white people realize it. An example of this: Whiteness, as framed by “status property,” is being damaged or infringed upon by some books, like Harriet Tubman. That are now banned so that they do not harm the psyche of white children. Banning books on transgender or intersex people is mandatory for them, too. They attempt to erase both our existence. Since our founding fathers and the creation of white supremacy, The right of exclusion – this bundle of rights (status property) is a white person’s and cannot be transferred to a person who is not white, and it can be protected by law. The laws of exclusion keep black people from having any of the privileges of whiteness. This invention of what is “normal” also outcasts intersex people, but in a different way, due to our sex traits not being simply male or female. Devastatingly, white supremacy and their invention of race (black or white) and sex (male or female) being only binary has led to the continued eugenics of Black, Indigenous, and Intersex people. I do believe bringing some joy in having this control, as this quote by W.E.B. Du Bois first claimed:
“To the millions of my people, no misfortune could happen, — of death and pestilence, failure and defeat – that would not make the hearts of millions of their fellows beat with fierce, vindictive joy…White joy at Black misfortune was premised on the relative protection whiteness granted. Crises inflicted on Black Americans weren’t seen as disastrous but rather as a confirmation of many white Americans that things are as they should be, a reflection of the natural order.” [10]
Due to these two binary inventions being considered the way things should be, and a “natural order”, it goes to show that if we appear more white, as BIPOC people or simply only male/man or female/woman, we then both can receive what some call “passing privilege.” If we are caught, as passing as “white” or simple “male/man” or “female/woman” when some consider us not, we are often told we have lied and deceived them. In other words, if either group breaks these binary norms, we are the ones labeled as being defiant. It is no wonder why some of us want to pass though; this quote says it well:
If you can control a man’s thinking you do not have to worry about his actions. When you determine what a man shall think you do not have to concern yourself about what he will do. If you make a man feel that he is inferior, you do not have to compel him to accept an inferior status, for he will seek it himself. If you make a man think that he is justly an outcast, you do not have to order him to the back door. He will go without being told; and if there is no back door, his very nature will demand one. – Carter G. Woodson [11]
The price of passing and living in secret, if not caught as a “liar,” can be very high. For the LGBTQ community, they say one is “living in the closet” if not out. Yet it is understandable why some would want to assimilate to white colonialism and its black-and-white, endosexist, cis-normative, heteronormative rules of what is desired and “normal” if it protects them from harm.
Part 2:
False science and the invention of race and sex harm both, even leading to eugenics.
Medically, both BIPOC and Intersex people have been harmed by the medical complex due to these two oppressive binary systems of race and sex. Here are two lists of how the medical complex has caused disparity and suffering to both:
BIPOC People:
- With “science” the slavery of Black people was justified.[12]
- Taking away the fertility of Black women under the disguise of the “Mississippi Appendectomy.” Coerced sterilization is a shameful part of America’s history, and one doesn’t have to go too far back to find examples of it. Used as a means of controlling “undesirable” populations.[13]
- Ivy League schools such as Harvard University were funded tremendously by slave trade. Note, all this on stolen indigenous land.[14]
- The father of modern-day gynecology performed shocking experiments on enslaved women without adequate pain management or consent.[15]
- Medically believing black people can handle more duress and pain.[16]
- A History of medical “advancement” made with the unethical Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, done on Black men.[17]
Intersex people:
- Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, doctors began performing surgeries on intersex infants and children to make their genitals appear more “normal.” In addition to having the goal of reinforcing a binary view of sex and gender.[18] Most of these surgeries are purely cosmetic and not medically necessary.
- The Eugenic Abortion of Intersex fetuses.[19]
- Ivy League schools such as Harvard Medical School promoting the medical invention of sex[20] by doing medically unnecessary surgeries on intersex babies to force them into male or female birth certificates.
- Doing intersex surgeries on infants without adequate anesthesia or pain management and the physical damage it can cause to brain development.[21]
- As adults thrown into hotel rooms after sex-changing surgeries to recover without adequate medical support.
- A history of medical “advancement” made with experimental sex-changing operations and harmful theories of sex and gender made by Dr. John Money.[22]
With intersex people now being recognized as a natural bodily variation, I now suggest in my TEDxTalk Born Intersex: we are human!, that it be called “cultural dysphoria”[23] instead of their blaming it on our supposed “gender dysphoria.” A term often used to declare that intersex people are in the wrong bodies, needing surgically fixed, or how genetic specialist suggest that intersex fetuses be aborted. Here is a quote regarding the termination of pregnancies involving intersex fetuses:
“Our medical ethicists today state that selective abortion of female embryos is unacceptable, because there is no medical condition, simply a social preference. Yet termination of pregnancies involving intersex fetuses is deemed ethical, because we are deemed disordered. In essence, this “ethical” position is that it’s ok for doctors to select fetuses with disabilities for termination, as it’s rational for us to be considered “lives not worth living.” [24]
Many LGBTQIA+ activists believe that if our oppressors could find a “gay gene” or a “transgender gene,” they would be aborting those fetuses too. Due to continued medical harm, both BIPOC and Intersex people mistrust the medical complex now, and once we learn the truth about how these oppressive systems were created, we both can now mistrust white man’s education, history, and “science,” too. Worse, due to not having adequate access to safe counselors or being able to find a safe counselor who has even been educated about the ways we have been harmed, there is little mental health support for both groups.
Part 3:
For both, our stories are silenced as lies or minimized.
History has been “whitewashed” to omit the suffering of BIPOC identities or to silence their voices if they attempt to let their stories be known. Tools such as storytelling and narrative are effective means of reaching a wider audience in part because of their accessibility.[25] Thankfully, the rise of social media and the use of cell phones to video record things instantly as they happen has helped marginalized stories to get out there so people in control can no longer hide the truth of what is going on. Also, CRT has helped intersectional groups call out why they, too, are being marginalized by similar colonial prejudice influences. With both BIPOC and Intersex groups, our oppressors, who desperately are trying to maintain these two binary systems of race and sex, and when publicly outed, will claim we are the ones lying when we tell our stories about how we exist and will minimize or deny the ways that we have been harmed. We are not only called liars, but we are also gaslit, publicly slandered as “insane,” “retarded” or called out as “crazy.” Even those of us minorities highly credentialed are belittled as the uneducated ones and not taken seriously.
Worse, to make sure society doesn’t learn about the harm being done by these two binary systems, public education attempts to keep everyone uninformed, especially with the latest book bans on BIPOC and LGBTQIA people. Documentaries like the “1619 Project” or “Slavery by Another Name” are shut down, even by Trump when he was in office, as lies. Further, those of us who have been given TEDxTalk platform to speak, such as my talk “Born Intersex: we are human!” are often shut down on our views on social media. It is now obvious to all BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ activists that on Facebook and social media, there is no freedom of speech with the way they set up the algorithms to keep our views down.
Our stories share how we are both not allowed to be children. Black children are seen as a threatening presence, even before they become adults. As slaves they were never allowed to play and were expected to work the minute, they could carry something in the cotton fields. Systemic oppression to this day creates stressors such as poverty, where BIPOC children must grow up faster. For example, having to help raise younger siblings while their parents are working two to three jobs each to make ends meet. Black children suffer adultification, and black boys are treated as “adult” criminals. As intersex children, our very existence is considered “adult content,” and we are not allowed to even talk about it. Our doctors advise our parents to keep our being born different a family secret. As children, many of us are subjected to so many genital surgeries that our summer breaks are filled with hospital stays that take away our childhood innocence.
Many intersex adults exposed to such surgery as children emphasize the shame and stigma linked to attempts to erase their intersex traits, as well as significant physical and mental suffering, including as a result of extensive and painful scarring. Many also feel that they were forced into sex and gender categories that do not fit them.[26]
As intersex educators, we are told that what we are educating about is, at the very least, PG 13 and typically considered no less than R-rated material, even though we are simply educating about a variation of human beings. Further, our stories share how we are segregated as both groups. In the past, Jim Crow laws created segregation for water fountains and bathrooms. Ray shared how innocent black kids endure psychological injury due to segregation, as seen in this quote:
“The court cited these results to support the claim that state-sponsored segregation harms Black Children by imparting “a feeling of inferiority” as their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.” [27]
Now, we have segregation actively going on in which our legislators are trying to determine what bathrooms an intersex or trans child or person must use. Both intersex and transgender kids are now being outed, publicly humiliated, bullied by classmates, and shamed while also not being allowed to participate in gym class, be in gym locker rooms, or even what bathroom to use. Thus, all this social outcasting often leads to suicide. A poster on social media in a BIPOC/LGBTQIA+ social media page shared: “It’s not about bathrooms, just like it was never about water fountains.”
Ironically, the surgeries they force on intersex children are not the ones being stopped by legislation. It is the proper medical care for trans kids that is being stopped. This poster I made was shared on social media, calling out the hypocrisy.
“Why are so many people against trans kids getting gender-affirming care, yet in complete support of intersex kids getting non-consensual “normalizing” surgeries? It just shows that it has never been about the child’s best interest.” Borrowed From @TheQueerAdvocate
Last, our stories show how public relief is not set up to help both groups, especially battered women shelters. Many women’s shelters are for English-speaking people only, and too often, they are not trained to deal with intersex or transgender women. Both types of women are forced to live in danger, or even on the streets, due to not having a safe haven to turn to. As seen in this quote:
“…the shelter movement ignored the combined impacts of multiple marginalization, fell short of their goals, and exposed women of color to the very harms their movement hoped to minimize. Liberatory policies need to be expansive, flexible, and intersectional to avoid reinforcing oppressive structures.”[28]
Thankfully, some Women’s Shelters are doing the work to become more intersectional after realizing the harm they caused by not having knowledge and proper support in place to help all types of women (BIPOC and LGBTQIA+), not just white, cisgender, endosex, heterosexual women.
Part 4:
Our Two Greatest Differences
It is very important that the plight of neither group be minimized because although both have been harmed in similar ways, their specific needs in ending how their human rights are being violated can be very different. Both groups have different histories, too. Black people have been dealing with the development of this oppressive system in the United States for 405 years, since August 20th, 1619, when the first slave ships arrived from Africa. [29]
The two greatest differences are obvious. One has to do with skin color, and the other is about our sex traits not fitting their binary notions. BIPOC people, when born simply due to the color of their skin, are immediately assumed to be inferior to white people. As I wrote this essay, a Black woman, Sonya Massey, was killed and became another victim of police violence. Every day, a BIPOC person is harmed or killed by systemic oppression; the list has become pathetically endless. So many are killed that even medical experts are concerned:
“Police shootings and killings of unarmed Black men have risen so rapidly that even a leading medical journal recognizes them as growing health concerns.”[30]
The list of those killed as intersex babies is countless, too. You see, at our birth, we are often seen as an abomination, a curse, a disorder, and as less than human. So, some genetic experts in the United States suggest abortion. If not aborted, we often get the collateral damage of all that hate towards transgender people and are often driven to suicide due to the terrible way we are treated by our family, medical doctors, church, and government. At this time, skin color cannot be medically changed, or they might attempt to do “medical skin pigment corrective treatments” to make people’s skin whiter. Since surgery can change our sex traits, when Intersex babies are born, they are often forced into surgical sex reassignment as toddlers and children before the age of consent.
Worse, sadly, due to the way a white, endosexist, heteronormative society has taught both groups, BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ people are sometimes ironically taught to hate each other by our same oppressors. An example of this is that some white intersex people can be terribly racist, and some Black people can be terribly intersex phobic, transphobic, or homophobic. Both BIPOC people and intersex people often unknowingly support these oppressive binary systems that were created to do harm to both of us due to a public educational system that denies us.
Conclusion:
With these commonalities and differences in mind, the solidarity of both groups can create a bigger force against our common oppressors if both work together. Plus, if we find solidarity across differences, we can finally recognize our shared humanity. We must be careful not to create a hierarchy of victimhood, as we can hope for the continued deconstruction of these two binary systems, race and sex.
“Crenshaw’s early discussion of intersectionality show why one-size-fits-all approaches to solving social problems often fail or end up further marginalizing people whose identities challenge dominant ideas about who is worthy of legal and social recognition.”[31]
Many BIPOC and LGBTQIA+ Activists hope that biological theories of inferiority and hierarchy crumble and will someday never happen again. The invention of the all-inclusive Pride Flags in 2020 demonstrated this solidarity, as demonstrated above. For the first time ever, BIPOC and Intersex people were added to the typical LGBTQ Rainbow pride flag, giving new hope and showing a common pride for hundreds of millions of people.
If we change culture by educating society about the truth about the social construct of race and sex, those in power and control lose their grip on us with their binary deception(s). What was once called “normal” is now rightfully called out as racism and endosexism, and with this truth, society will shift to embracing human diversity better. A well-known quote from Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. comes to mind right now. “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere”[32] It is my hope that in the future, as more people are educated about the truth, Critical Race Theory and all those theories that have branched off from it due to having common oppressors will become orthodoxy. Yet, a “more likely outcome is that some aspects of critical race theory will be accepted by society’s mainstream and halls of power, while other parts of it will continue to meet resistance.”[33] Thankfully, CRT will continue to whistle blow on how the status quo is inherently unjust by purposely calling it out, thus gaining more and more acceptance from everyone as one Human Race.
~.V.~
[1] Anunnaki Ray Marquez, “I Am Proudly the First in Colorado to Get an Intersex Birth Certificate,” Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez, September 21, 2019, https://anunnakiray.com/2018/09/20/i-am-proudly-the-first-in-colorado-to-get-an-intersex-birth-certificate/.
[2] “United Nations Intersex Fact Sheet,” Un Free & Equal, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.unfe.org/know-the-facts/challenges-solutions/intersex.
[3] Victor Ray, On Critical Race Theory Why It Matters& Why You Should Care (New York: Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2022). Pg. 102-103
[4] Ian Haney Lopez, The Social Construction of Race: Some Observations on Illusion, Fabrication, and Choice, 1994. Pg. 53-43.
[5] Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez, “More than Two Sexes Exist in Jewish and Christian Scripture: Male, Female, and Intersex in the Image of God.,” Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez, October 1, 2022, https://anunnakiray.com/2022/09/30/more-than-two-sexes-exist-in-jewish-and-christian-scripture-male-female-and-intersex-in-the-image-of-god/.
[6] UNHCR Intersex Fact Sheet, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/51de6e5f9.pdf.
[7] Hida Viloria, Maria Nieto, and Alex Law, The Spectrum of Sex: The Science of Male, Female, and Intersex (London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2020). Pg. 24
[8] Dr. Cary Gabriel Costello, “Nonconsensual Intersex Surgery as Physical Conversion Therapy,” The Intersex Roadshow, accessed July 31, 2024, https://intersexroadshow.blogspot.com/2018/08/nonconsensual-intersex-surgery-as.html.
[9] Evelyn Nakano Glenn, “Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation,” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1, no. 1 (January 2015): 54–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649214560440.
[10] Victor Ray, On Critical Race Theory Why It Matters& Why You Should Care (New York: Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2022). Pg. 69.
[11]Carter Godwin Woodson, The Mis-Education of the Negro (United States: Global Publishers, 2024). Pg. 84-85
[12] Kimberle Crenshaw, Neil Gotanda, and Garry Peller, Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (New Press, The, 1996). Pg. 260.
[13] “Unwanted Sterilization and Eugenics Programs in the United States,” PBS, February 1, 2024, https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/unwanted-sterilization-and-eugenics-programs-in-the-united-states/.
[14] 1. lydia_gibson@harvard.edu, “Harvard’s Ties to Slavery,” Harvard Magazine, June 15, 2022, https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2022/06/jhj-harvard-slavery-ties#:~:text=Other%20links%20were%20financial%20or,slavery%20and%20other%20racial%20hierarchies.
[15] “The ‘father of Modern Gynecology’ Performed Shocking Experiments on Enslaved Women,” History.com, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.history.com/news/the-father-of-modern-gynecology-performed-shocking-experiments-on-slaves.
[16] “Medical Myths That Hurt Black People and How to Overcome Them,” Medical News Today, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/medical-myths-that-hurt-black-people.
[17] “Tuskegee Experiment: The Infamous Syphilis Study,” History.com, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.history.com/news/the-infamous-40-year-tuskegee-study.
[18] Cathren Cohen, “Surgeries on Intersex Infants Are Bad Medicine,” National Health Law Program, February 15, 2024, https://healthlaw.org/surgeries-on-intersex-infants-are-bad-medicine/#:~:text=Beginning%20in%20the%20mid%2Dtwentieth,young%20people%20would%20feel%20shame.
[19] Dr. Cary Gabriel Costello, “On Eugenic Abortion of the Intersex,” The Intersex Roadshow, accessed July 31, 2024, https://intersexroadshow.blogspot.com/search?q=eugenics.
[20] Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022).
[21] “Why Infant Surgery without Anesthesia Went Unchallenged,” The New York Times, December 17, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/17/opinion/l-why-infant-surgery-without-anesthesia-went-unchallenged-832387.html.
[22] “The Story of John Money: The Controversial Sexologist Who Grappled with the Concept of Gender | CBC News,” CBCnews, July 5, 2015, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-story-of-john-money-controversial-sexologist-grappled-with-the-concept-of-gender-1.3137670.
[23] “Born Intersex: We Are Human! | Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez | Tedxjacksonville,” YouTube, November 29, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpPTf-00ab0.
[24] Dr. Cary Gabriel Costello, “On Eugenic Abortion of the Intersex,” The Intersex Roadshow, accessed July 31, 2024, https://intersexroadshow.blogspot.com/search?q=eugenics.
[25] Richard Delgado, Storytelling for Oppositionists & Others: A Plea for Narrative (Lexington, VA: Washington and Lee University School of Law, 1990). Pg. 889, 902-903.
[26] “United Nations Intersex Fact Sheet ,” Un Free & Equal, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.unfe.org/know-the-facts/challenges-solutions/intersex.
[27] Victor Ray, On Critical Race Theory Why It Matters& Why You Should Care (New York: Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2022). Pg. 61-62.
[28] Victor Ray, On Critical Race Theory Why It Matters& Why You Should Care (New York: Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2022). Pg. 106
[29] “First Enslaved Africans Arrive in Jamestown, Setting the Stage for Slavery in North America | August 20, 1619,” History.com, accessed July 31, 2024, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-african-slave-ship-arrives-jamestown-colony?fbclid=IwY2xjawEXw-hleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHQFVBUbSXceI6ahxcELl_rXVH9La3ZMV2QH-Oo3kSkDVTCo9Nkl938iFtA_aem_lLI4KMHSyicZmMB_yL32Vg.
[30] Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (New York: New York University Press, 2023). Pg. 127.
[31] Victor Ray, On Critical Race Theory Why It Matters& Why You Should Care (New York: Random House, an imprint and division of Penguin Random House LLC, 2022). Pg. 103
[32] Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” Atlantic Monthly 212, no. 2(1963): 78-88.
[33] Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical Race Theory: An Introduction (New York: New York University Press, 2023). Pg. 161
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Mx. Anunnaki Ray Marquez 